Investigating the Impact of Gender on Leadership Styles and Career Progression in the Malaysian Workforce
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56532/mjbem.v3i1.46Keywords:
Gender, Leadership Styles, Gender Impact, Equality, FairnessAbstract
Gender diversity in leadership is a critical issue worldwide, and its impact on organizational performance and productivity has been extensively studied in various contexts. In Malaysia, where gender equality is still a work-in-progress, understanding the relationship between gender and leadership is particularly pertinent. This research seeks to provide an overview of the current state of research on the impact of gender on leadership styles and career progression in the Malaysian workforce, identify gaps in knowledge and suggest future directions for investigation. Specifically, this research explores the theoretical framework that underpins gender and leadership styles, outlines the methodology used for investigating gender and career progression in the Malaysian workforce and presents the findings and implications of this research. Finally, this research suggests strategies and interventions to improve gender diversity and enable women's leadership development in Malaysia.
References
Ahmad, R. S., Al-hussami, M., & Alqatawni, S. H. (2021). Gender and Leadership Styles in Malaysian Public Hospitals. Journal of Health Management, 23(1), 76-85.
Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, R. J. (2001). The development of a new Transformational Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74, 1–27.
Almeida, D., Pasupuleti, J., Raveendran, S. K., & Basir Khan, M. R. (2021). Performance evaluation of solar PV inverter controls for overvoltage mitigation in MV distribution networks. Electronics, 10(12), 1456. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10121456
Antonakis, J., Avolio, B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003). Context and leadership: An examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Leadership Quarterly, 14, 261–295.
Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2002). Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Form 5X). Redwood City, CA: Mindgarden.
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 441–462
Balasubramanian, P., & Krishnan, V. R. (2012). Impact of gender and transformational leadership on ethical behaviours. Great Lakes Herald, 6(1), 48-58.
Bass, B.M., & Avolio, B.J. (1994). Shatter the glass ceiling: Women may make better managers. Human Resource Management, 33, 549-560.
Basir, R., Jabbar Al-Fattah, Gazi, Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Chong Peng Lean, Saidatul Izyanie Kamarudin, & Miqdad Abdul Aziz. (2024). Accelerating Electric Vehicle Adoption on Malaysian Islands: Lessons from Japan’s Islands of the Future Initiative. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9005-4_14
Bhagat, S., & Singh, J. (2019). Women leadership and work-life balance: A case study of women managers in India. International Journal of Management, Business, and Social Science Research, 8(10), 52-60.
Brenner O, Tomkiewicz J, Schein VE (1989). The relationship betweens ex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited. Acad. Manag. J., 32(3): 662-669.
Bono, H. E., & Judge, T. A. (2003). A contingency approach to gender differences in leadership: The moderating role of organizational context. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 197-209.
Chong, C. F., Low, L. L., & Omar, S. (2021). Barriers to career progression of women in Malaysia: A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 13(6), 2855.
Chong, P. L., Ganesan, S., Ng, P. K., & Kong, F. Y. (2022). A TRIZ-Adopted Development of a Compact Experimental Board for the Teaching and Learning of Operational Amplifier with Multiple Circuit Configurations. Sustainability, 14(21), 14115. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114115
Chong, P. L., Singh, A. K., & Kyong, F. Y. (2022). Renewable Energy from Living Plants to Power IoT Sensor for Remote Sensing. ADBU Journal of Engineering Technology, 11(1). https://journals.dbuniversity.ac.in/ojs/index.php/AJET/article/view/3613
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Deal JJ, Stevenson MA (1998). Perceptions of female and male managers in the 1990s: Plus ça change. Sex Roles, 38(3): 287-300.
Eagly A. H., (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role Interpretation. Erlbaum, NJ: Hillsdale.
Eagly A. H. & Karau, S. J. (1991). Gender and emergence of leaders: Ameta analysis, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 685-710.
Eagly A. H., Makhijani MG, Klonsky BG (1992). Gender and the evaluation of leaders: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 111(1), 18(1): 39–50.
Eagly A. H., Wood W, Diekman AB (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In Eckes T, Trautner HM (Eds.). The developmental social psychology of gender. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 123-174.
Eagly A. H., Karau SJ (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychol. Rev., 109(3): 573-598.
Eagly A. H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles: a meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological bulletin, 129(4), 569.
Eagly, A. H. (2007). Female leadership advantage and disadvantage: Resolving the contradictions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(1), 1-12.
Farzana, F., Yusof, S. M., & Yusof, Z. M. (2020). Gender and Career Advancement: The Case of Malaysian Women. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(1), 15-24.
Gelfand MJ, Erez M, Aycan Z (2007). Cross-cultural organizational behavior. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58: 479-514.
Gregory, A. (1990). Three theoretical perspectives concerning women in management Journal of Business Ethics, 9, 257- 266.
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage Publications.
Hosftede G (1980). Culture‟s consequences: International differences inworkrelated values. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.
Johnson, M. E., & Johnson, K. (1989). The assessment of transactional and transformational leadership: A critical review of the research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(2), 153-167.
Kaur, S., & Singh, J. (2018). Women in leadership positions: A study of the manufacturing sector in Malaysia. International Journal of Management and Applied Research, 10(2), 50-56.
Khan, M. R. B., Jidin, R., & Pasupuleti, J. (2016). Data from renewable energy assessments for resort islands in the South China Sea. Data in brief, 6, 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2015.11.043
Khan, M. R. B., Jidin, R., & Pasupuleti, J. (2016). Energy audit data for a resort island in the South China Sea. Data in brief, 6, 489-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2015.12.033
Krishna Sannasy Rao, Peng, C., Poh Kiat Ng, Feng Yuan Kong, Reyasudin, M., Ismail, D., & None Chen Li. (2024). AI and ML in IR4.0: A Short Review of Applications and Challenges. Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (Online), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.56532/mjsat.v4i2.291
Kotler, P., & Cohen, D. (2012). Leadership for a sustainable world. John Wiley & Sons.
Korabik, K., & Ayman, R. (1989). Should women managers have to act like men? Journal of Management Development, 8(6), 23-32.
Morrison, E. W., & Vance, S. (2011). Women in leadership: Closing the gender gap. Journal of Management, 37(6), 1655-1678.Powell GN, Butterfield DA (1989). The “good manager”: Did androgynyfare
better in the 1980s? Group Org. Stud., 14(2): 216-233.
Mohammed Adel Al-badani, Peng Lean Chong, & Heng Siong Lim. (2023). Enhancing microbial fuel cell performance with carbon powder electrode modifications for low-power sensors modules. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 13(1), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2024.58977
Mohammed Adel Al-badani, Peng Lean Chong, & Heng Siong Lim. (2023). A mini review of the effect of modified carbon paper, carbon felt, and carbon cloth electrodes on the performance of microbial fuel cell. International Journal of Green Energy, 21(1), 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2023.2194979
Ng, P. K., Chong, P. L., Yeow, J. A., Ng, Y. J., & Nathan, R. J. (2023). Ergonomic Work from Home Recommendations Using TRIZ:“Stop Robbing Peter to Pay Paul”. In Human Factors in Engineering (pp. 67-83). CRC Press
Peng Lean Chong, Ismail, D., Poh Kiat Ng, Feng Yuan Kong, Reyasudin, M., & Sargunam Thirugnanam. (2024). A TRIZ Approach for Designing a Smart Lighting and Control System for Classrooms Based on Counter Application with Dual PIR Sensors. Sensors, 24(4), 1177–1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041177
Peng Lean Chong, Ganesan, S., Yin Ying Than, & Ravi, P. (2023). Designing an Autonomous Triggering Control System via Motion Detection for IoT Based Smart Home Surveillance CCTV Camera. Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology, 80–88. https://doi.org/10.56532/mjsat.v2is1.120
Peng, C., Gophinath Krishnan, None Chen Li, Kong, N., Ng, N., & Reyasudin, M. (2024). A Raspberry Pi-Powered IoT Smart Farming System for Efficient Water Irrigation and Crop Monitoring. Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (Online), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.56532/mjsat.v4i2.295
Powell GN, Butterfield DA, Parent JD (2002). Gender and managerial stereotypes: Have the times changed? J. Manag., 28(2): 177-193.
Sannasy, K., Peng, C., Kong, N., Ng, N., None Chen Li, Reyasudin, M., & Ismail, D. (2024). Transformative Applications of IoT in Diverse Industries: A Mini Review. Malaysian Journal of Science and Advanced Technology (Online), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.56532/mjsat.v4i2.292
Seet, C. C., Pasupuleti, J., & Khan, M. R. B. (2019). Optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation in distribution system using analytical method. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(4), 6357-6363. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.D5120.118419
Smith PB, Bond MH (1993). Social psychology across cultures: Analysis and perspectives. Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Smith PB, Wang ZM (1996). Chinese leadership and organizational structure. In MH, Bond. eds. The handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Van Engen, M. L., & Willemsen, T. M. (2004). Sex and leadership styles: A meta-analysis of Research Published in the 1990s. Psychological Reports, 94 (1), 3-18.
Vecchio RP, Bullis RC (2001). Moderators of the influence of supervisor-subordinate similarity on subordinate outcomes. J. Appl. Psychol., 86(5): 884-896.
World Economic Forum. (2020). The Global Gender Gap Report 2020. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality.
Zahraoui, Y., Alhamrouni, I., Basir Khan, M. R., Mekhilef, S., P. Hayes, B., Rawa, M., & Ahmed, M. (2021). Self‐healing strategy to enhance microgrid resilience during faults occurrence. International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems, 31(12), e13232. https://doi.org/10.1002/2050-7038.13232
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Rozita Zahari, Mohammed Reyasudin Basir Khan, Chong Peng Lean, Tatchanaamoorti Purnshatman
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.